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General-purpose power and autotransformers, 2.5 – 1000 MVA, 10 – 1100 kV.

Magnetic system construction types are 1/2, 2/0, 2/2, 3/0, and 3/2. The first digit shows the number of legs with windings, while the second digit indicates the number of side yokes. These configurations highlight the careful design and engineering of an efficient magnetic system.

Windings

All windings are round in shape and arranged concentrically on the leg. Each winding may consist of one or several concentric parts (concenters) connected in series.

Winding Wires

The wires, made from electrical copper or aluminum, include:

• Simple
• Paper-insulated subdivided
• Enamel-insulated transposed

Voltage regulation is a critical aspect of transformer design and operation. There are three primary types of voltage regulation:

• On-load tap-changer (OLTC): This type allows for voltage adjustments to be made while the transformer is energized and under load. It is highly beneficial for maintaining voltage stability and ensuring optimal performance under varying load conditions.
• No-load tap-changer (NLTC): This type requires the transformer to be de-energized before any voltage adjustments can be made. While less flexible than OLTC, it is suitable for applications where load conditions are relatively stable.
• Without regulation: Some transformers are designed without any tap-changing capability. These transformers are used in applications where voltage regulation is managed by other means or where the voltage requirements are constant.

Additionally, it is feasible to incorporate two tap-changers for different windings within a single transformer. This configuration allows for more precise voltage control and can enhance the overall efficiency and adaptability of the transformer in complex electrical systems.

Cooling types for transformers encompass various methods including ONAN (Oil Natural Air Natural), ONAF (Oil Natural Air Forced), OFAF (Oil Forced Air Forced), OFWF (Oil Forced Water Forced), ODAF (Oil Directed Air Forced), and ODWF (Oil Directed Water Forced). Specifically, in ODAF and ODWF cooling systems, the oil supply and its directed circulation within the windings' axial ducts are constructively ensured to enhance cooling efficiency. These axial ducts are carefully formed by using strips and cylinders that are meticulously fitted both internally and externally to the winding. Additionally, to further optimize cooling performance, extra axial ducts can also be strategically arranged within the radial size of the windings. This ensures a more effective and uniform distribution of cooling oil throughout the transformer.

Design and calculation of single-phase or three-phase shunt reactors operating at 50–60 Hz frequencies.

The design and engineering of shunt reactors are critical in maintaining voltage stability and improving the efficiency of power systems. These reactors are meticulously calculated to ensure optimal performance under varying electrical conditions. The process involves detailed analysis and precise calculations to determine the appropriate specifications for both single-phase and three-phase reactors.

Key aspects include:

1. Frequency Operation: Shunt reactors are designed to operate efficiently within the 50–60 Hz frequency range, catering to the standard power frequencies used globally.